🔢 Operators

Overview of Operators

Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide them into the following groups:

Arithmetic & Assignment Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations. Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables, often combined with arithmetic operators.

public class ArithmeticDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int x = 10, y = 3;
        System.out.println("Add: " + (x + y));     // 13
        System.out.println("Modulus: " + (x % y)); // 1 (Remainder)
        
        x += 5; // Equivalent to x = x + 5; (Now x is 15)
        x++;    // Unary increment: x becomes 16
    }
}
            

Relational & Logical Operators

Relational operators compare two values and return a boolean. Logical operators combine boolean expressions.

• Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Logical: && (Logical AND), || (Logical OR), ! (Logical NOT)

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators work on individual bits of integer data types.

public class BitwiseDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 5;  // 0101
        int b = 3;  // 0011
        
        System.out.println("a & b: " + (a & b)); // 0001 = 1
        System.out.println("a | b: " + (a | b)); // 0111 = 7
        System.out.println("a ^ b: " + (a ^ b)); // 0110 = 6
        System.out.println("a << 1: " + (a << 1));// 1010 = 10 (Left shift)
    }
}
            

Ternary Operator (?:)

A shorthand for an if-else statement. It returns one of two values depending on a boolean condition.

public class TernaryDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int age = 20;
        String status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";
        System.out.println(status); // Outputs: Adult
    }
}
            

Operator Precedence

Expressions are evaluated based on operator precedence rules. Higher precedence operators are evaluated first. You can always use parentheses () to explicitly define the order of evaluation.

int result = 10 + 5 * 2; // result is 20, because * has higher precedence than +
int result2 = (10 + 5) * 2; // result2 is 30, due to parentheses